Blackbody Radiation

non-thermal escape: A physical process that results in the full or partial loss of a planet’s atmosphere.

large-scale magnetic fields

Mars doesn’t have convective interior, since the core has been cooled off.

radioactive decay within the core

continuous flow of ionized particles emitted by the Sun and other stars.

Given the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the probability of a particle having a certain velocity is given by:

\left( \frac{dN}{dv} \right)_{m,T} = v^2 \left( \frac{m}{2 \pi k_B T} \right)^{\frac{3}{2}} \exp \left( -\frac{mv^2}{2k_BT} \right)

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